ABSRACT

INTRODUCTION. Tic disorders are a common neurological pathology among children and adolescents. Tic disorders and comorbid conditions affect patients' socialization, education, and emotional state. Social stigmatization and discrimination caused by tic disorders have an irreparable impact on personality development, making it necessary to raise awareness and understanding of these conditions.

AIM. The objective of this study is to analyze the literature on the features of the etiology, diagnosis, and clinical manifestations of tic disorders and comorbid disorders.

MATERIAL AND METHODS. An analysis of DSM-5-TR and ICD-11 criteria, as well as 28 international literature sources from the PubMed database, was performed. This analysis provided descriptions of the diagnostic criteria, etiology, and pathogenesis of tic disorders and comorbid disorders. Data on the clinical manifestations of comorbid disorders, differential diagnosis, and main treatment approaches were also presented.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. The prevalence of tic disorders is about 1% of the population, with 1 in 5 schoolchildren experiencing tics during their development. Currently, the exact causes of tics are unknown; it is assumed that tic disorders is a multifactorial disease involving heredity, environmental factors, and immune-mediated mechanisms. Additionally, dysfunctions in the cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical circuits and neurotransmitter imbalances play significant roles. About 80% of patients with tics have comorbid neuropsychiatric disorders such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, autism spectrum disorders, mixed anxiety-depressive disorders, and sleep disturbances, which in some cases present challenges in the differential diagnosis and treatment of these conditions.

CONCLUSION. The high degree of comorbidity in tic disorders necessitates a multidisciplinary approach, involving neurologists, psychiatrists, clinical psychologists, and behavioral therapy specialists. This collaboration aims to achieve the maximum therapeutic effect and improve the quality of life for patients.

KEYWORDS: tics, chronic tics, Tourette syndrome, Gilles de la Tourette Disorder

For citation: Charnukha T.N., Mirzoyan A.R., Kulikova S.L. Сlinical Features and Comorbid Neuropsychiatric Conditions in Pediatric Patients with Tic Disorders: A Review. Comorbidity Neurology. 2024; 1 (3): 66-72. https://doi.org/10.62505/3034-185x-2024-1-3-66-72

*For correspondence: Tatyana N. Charnukha, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Associate Professor, Deputy Director of Scientific Department, Republican Research and Clinical Center of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Minsk, Belarus, e-mail: tatkachern@yandex.ru

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ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

Tatyana N. Charnukha, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Associate Professor, Deputy Director of Scientific Department, Republican Research and Clinical Center of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Minsk, Belarus. E-mail: tatkachern@yandex.ru. ORCID:  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2072-2903

Aliona R. Mirzoyan, Researcher of Neurological Department, Republican Research and Clinical Center of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Minsk, Belarus. E-mail: Mirzoyanaliona@gmail.com. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0961-4442

Sviatlana L. Kulikova, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Associate Professor, Leading Researcher of Neurological Department, Republican Research and Clinical Center of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Minsk, Belarus. E-mail: sviatlana.kulikova@gmail.com. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7689-064X

Author contributions. All authors confirm the compliance of their authorship, according to international ICMJE criteria (all authors made a significant contribution to the development of the concept, research and preparation of the article, read and approved the final version before publication). Charnukha T.N. – development of the concept, formulation and refinement of key objectives, tasks, introduction, and conclusion, text editing; Mirzoyan A.R. – analysis of the literature sources; description of the results and methods; Kulikova S.L. – description of the etiology and pathogenesis of tic disorders.

Funding. This study was not supported by any external sources of funding.

Disclosure. The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

The content is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

©2024. Tatyana N. Charnukha, Aliona R. Mirzoyan, Sviatlana L. Kulikova